Bone is a dynamic tissue constantly responding to environmental changes such as
nutritional and mechanical stress. Bone homeostasis in adult life is maintained through bone …

Osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells, play pivotal roles in bone modeling and
remodeling. Osteoblast differentiation, also known as osteoblastogenesis, is orchestrated by …

Embryogenic developmental processes involve a tightly controlled regulation between
mechanical forces and biochemical cues such as growth factors, matrix proteins, and …

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are a population of stromal cells present in the
bone marrow and most connective tissues, capable of differentiation into mesenchymal …

Nearly every extracellular ligand that has been found to play a role in regulating bone
biology acts, at least in part, through MAPK pathways. Nevertheless, much remains to be …

Differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts is controlled by
extracellular cues. Canonical Wnt signaling is particularly important for maintenance of bone …

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a condition where adjacent vertebrae
become fused through formation of osteophytes. The genetic and epidemiological etiology …

Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs, also known as bone marrow-derived
mesenchymal stem cells) are a population of progenitor cells that contain a subset of …

We present an overview of the concepts of tissue-specific transcriptional control
mechanisms essential for development of the bone cell phenotype. BMP2 induced …

Introduction 3. Stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells 4. Mesenchymal stem cell lineages
4.1. Myogenic lineage 4.2. Adipogenic lineage 4.3. Chondrogenic lineage 4.4. Osteogenic …