We review geological evidence on the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River,
and the paleogeographic history of riverine connections among the principal sedimentary …

The herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were the
largest terrestrial animals ever, surpassing the largest herbivorous mammals by an order of …

Parasites have evolved independently in numerous animal lineages, and they now make up
a considerable proportion of the biodiversity of life. Not only do they impact humans and …

The fish faunas of continental South and Central America constitute one of the greatest
concentrations of aquatic diversity on Earth, consisting of about 10 percent of all living …

Despite many decades of research, the allometric scaling of metabolic rates (MRs) remains
poorly understood. Here, we argue that scaling exponents of these allometries do not …

Aim Size is one of the most important and obvious traits of an organism. Both small and
large sizes have adaptive advantages and disadvantages. Body size–frequency …

Ongoing increases in air temperature and changing precipitation patterns are altering water
temperatures and flow regimes in lotic freshwater systems, and these changes are expected …

Cope's rule, the tendency for species within a lineage to evolve towards larger body size,
has been widely reported in the fossil record, but the mechanisms leading to such phyletic …

Navigation depends on multiple neural systems that encode the moment-to-moment
changes in an animal's direction and location in space. These include head direction (HD) …

Cope's Rule is the tendency for organisms in evolving lineages to increase in size over time.
The concept is detailed in many textbooks, but has rarely been demonstrated. Many …