Environmental, social responsibility, corporate governance (ESG) are increasingly
becoming the consensus of enterprises' development. However, whether the ESG indices of …

Today, environmental protection has become a global issue, and various environmental
regulations have been actively adopted. However, are these measures promoting or …

The 'internet'—familiar shorthand for information and communication technologies (ICT)—is
built on a physical infrastructure owned by a variety of state and private actors, foreign and …

In this paper we empirically examine the determinants on utilization of the Korea–ASEAN
Free Trade Agreement (KAFTA) by employing a database provided by the Korea Customs …

This paper empirically investigates how far free trade agreements (FTAs) successfully lower
tariff rates and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) for manufacturing industries by employing the …

This study proposes an approach for quantifying two kinds of costs related to the utilisation
of regional trade agreements (RTAs). The first, called the “procurement adjustment cost,” …

This article examines the effects of over 250 preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on trade
flows distinguished into parts and components (PCs) and final goods in production networks …

In this paper, we empirically investigate the effect of diagonal cumulation on free trade
agreement (FTA) utilization by exploring Thai exports to Japan under two kinds of FTA …

The tariff preferences in FTAs do not apply automatically to all imports. Instead, importers
can request to use the tariff preferences, but must then show that the imported goods fulfil …

Tariff rates under a free trade agreement (FTA) are not necessarily used in the majority of
trade, even among members of an FTA. One of the causes of this phenomenon is the …