It is well documented that animals take risk of predation into account when making decisions
about how to behave in particular situations, often trading-off risk against opportunities for …

Western toad, Bufo boreas, tadpoles were collected from a lake in the Cascade Mountains of
central Oregon, where they occur in sympatry with backswimmers, Notonectaspp., giant …

Amphibian populations appear to be declining around the world. Although there is no single
cause, one factor may be pollution from heavy metals. As a result of mining in the Silver …

In a replicated field experiment we studied the effects of natural densities of two exotic
consumers, the predatory and herbivorous signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and the …

Abstract Models of defence against multiple enemies predict that specialized responses to
each enemy should evolve only under restrictive conditions. Nevertheless, tadpoles of Rana …

In many permanent ponds throughout western North America, the introduction of a variety of
exotic fish and bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) correlates with declines in native amphibians …

Predator-prey interactions govern the evolution of many behavioral and morphological traits
of aquatic animals. In aquatic environments, chemical cues reliably allow prey to assess and …

The introduction of predators in amphibian breeding habitats may contribute to the decline
or extinction of amphibian populations. Procambarus clarkii, a North American crayfish, was …

Effective and efficient predator recognition and avoidance are essential for the persistence
of prey populations, especially in habitats where non‐native predators have been …

Interest in the culture of freshwater crayfish throughout Europe has increased during the last
few decades. However, the effects of both introduced and native crayfish species on the …