Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including those targeting CTLA‐4/B7 and the PD‐1/PD‐L1
inhibitory pathways, are now available for clinical use in cancer patients, with other …

Microglia represent the first line of immune feedback in the brain. Beyond immune
surveillance, they are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. Recent research has …

While many drugs are effective at reducing the relapse frequency of multiple sclerosis (MS),
there is an unmet need for treatments that slow neurodegeneration resulting from secondary …

Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by unrelenting neurodegeneration,
which causes cumulative disability and is refractory to current treatments. Drug development …

Microglia regulate synaptic circuit remodeling and phagocytose synaptic material in the
healthy brain; however, the mechanisms directing microglia to engulf specific synapses and …

Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, rapidly activate in nearly
all kinds of neurological diseases. These activated microglia become highly motile …

CD47 is a broadly expressed membrane protein that interacts with the myeloid inhibitory
immunoreceptor SIRPα (also termed CD172a or SHPS-1). SIRPα is the prototypic member …

There is an increasing recognition that inflammation plays a critical role in
neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS, including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral …

Along with microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages, macrophages in the perivascular
space, choroid plexus, and meninges are the principal effector cells in neuroinflammatory …

In physiological conditions, different types of macrophages can be found within the central
nervous system (CNS), ie, microglia, meningeal macrophages, and perivascular (blood …