Many nonequilibrium, active processes are observed at a coarse-grained level, where
different microscopic configurations are projected onto the same observable state. Such …

Living systems operate within physical constraints imposed by nonequilibrium
thermodynamics. This review explores recent advancements in applying these principles to …

Quantifying irreversibility of a system using finite information constitutes a major challenge in
stochastic thermodynamics. We introduce an observable that measures the time-reversal …

In living systems, irreversible, yet stochastic, molecular interactions form multiscale
structures (such as cytoskeletal networks), which mediate processes (such as cytokinesis …

Stochastic thermodynamics provides the framework to analyze thermodynamic laws and
quantities along individual trajectories of small but fully observable systems. If the …

Closely related to the laws of thermodynamics, the detection and quantification of
disequilibria are crucial in unraveling the complexities of nature, particularly those beneath …

Observing stochastic trajectories with rare transitions between states, practically
undetectable on time scales accessible to experiments, makes it impossible to directly …

For a network of discrete states with a periodically driven Markovian dynamics, we develop
an inference scheme for an external observer who has access to some transitions. Based on …

A central task in stochastic thermodynamics is the estimation of entropy production for
partially accessible Markov networks. We establish an effective transition-based description …

The laws of thermodynamics apply to biophysical systems on the nanoscale as described by
the framework of stochastic thermodynamics. This theory provides universal, exact relations …