Stochastic thermodynamics as reviewed here systematically provides a framework for
extending the notions of classical thermodynamics such as work, heat and entropy …

Entropy production is a key quantity in any finite-time thermodynamic process. It is intimately
tied with the fundamental laws of thermodynamics, embodying a tool to extend …

The inference of thermodynamic quantities from the description of an only partially
accessible physical system is a central challenge in stochastic thermodynamics. A common …

Interpreting partial information collected from systems subject to noise is a key problem
across scientific disciplines. Theoretical frameworks often focus on the dynamics of variables …

For a large class of nonequilibrium systems, thermodynamic notions like work, heat, and, in
particular, entropy production can be identified on the level of fluctuating dynamical …

According to the second law, the efficiency of cyclic heat engines is limited by the Carnot
bound that is attained by engines that operate between two thermal baths under the …

We derive an exact (classical and quantum) expression for the entropy production of a finite
system placed in contact with one or several finite reservoirs, each of which is initially …

Living systems operate far from thermal equilibrium by converting the chemical potential of
ATP into mechanical work to achieve growth, replication, or locomotion. Given time series …

Living systems maintain or increase local order by working against the second law of
thermodynamics. Thermodynamic consistency is restored as they consume free energy …

The total entropy production of a trajectory can be split into an adiabatic and a nonadiabatic
contribution, deriving, respectively, from the breaking of detailed balance via nonequilibrium …