BACKGROUND The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons, each of which makes
thousands of synaptic connections. Although individual neurons can themselves be …

The large number of ion channels found in all nervous systems poses fundamental
questions concerning how the characteristic intrinsic properties of single neurons are …

The recent assembly of the adult Drosophila melanogaster central brain connectome,
containing more than 125,000 neurons and 50 million synaptic connections, provides a …

While isolated motor actions can be correlated with activities of neuronal networks, an
unresolved problem is how the brain assembles these activities into organized behaviors …

All nervous systems are subject to neuromodulation. Neuromodulators can be delivered as
local hormones, as cotransmitters in projection neurons, and through the general circulation …

A major challenge in neuroscience is to reliably activate individual neurons, particularly
those in deeper brain regions. Current optogenetic approaches require invasive surgical …

In this Historical Perspective, we ask what information is needed beyond connectivity
diagrams to understand the function of nervous systems. Informed by invertebrate circuits …

Central oscillators are primordial neural circuits that generate and control rhythmic
movements,. Mechanistic understanding of these circuits requires genetic identification of …

Colocalization of small-molecule and neuropeptide transmitters is common throughout the
nervous system of all animals. The resulting co-transmission, which provides conjoint …

Powerful ultrastructural tools are providing new insights into neuronal circuits, revealing a
wealth of anatomically‐defined synaptic connections. These wiring diagrams are …