The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive
immune responses in three well-defined actions:(1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the …

Cytokines activate or inhibit immune cell behavior and are thus integral to all immune
responses. IL-1α and IL-1β are powerful apical cytokines that instigate multiple downstream …

Inflammasomes are supramolecular platforms that organize in response to various damage-
associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Upon …

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most common autoimmune disease characterized by
lymphocytic infiltration and thyrocyte destruction. Dissection of the interaction between the …

IL-1 causes a marked increase in the degree of expansion of naïve and memory CD4 T cells
in response to challenge with their cognate antigen. The response occurs when only specific …

Increasing immune responses with immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
directed to immune-receptor molecules is a new and exciting strategy in cancer therapy …

Mast cells (MCs) are considered major players in IgE-mediated allergic responses, but have
also recently been recognized as active participants in innate as well as specific immune …

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be activated directly by triggering of receptors for pathogens or,
indirectly, by exposure to inflammatory signals. It remains unclear, however, whether the two …

Deregulation of cell cycle is a typical feature of cancer cells. Normal cells rely on the strictly
coordinated spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) to maintain the genome integrity and …

The innate immune system uses multiple strategies to detect viral infections. Because all
viruses rely on host cells for their synthesis and propagation, the molecular features used to …