Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to
the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte …

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a diverse pathologic process, defined as the formation of
extraskeletal bone in muscle and soft tissues. HO can be conceptualized as a tissue repair …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease driven by gain-of-
function variants in activin receptor–like kinase 2 (ALK2), the most common variant being …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family members signal via heterotetrameric complexes
of type I and type II dual specificity kinase receptors. The activation and stability of the …

Since the identification in 1988 of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) as a potent inducer
of bone and cartilage formation, BMP superfamily signalling has become one of the most …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family are a large group of evolutionarily conserved
cytokines whose signalling modulates cell fate decision-making across varying cellular …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), originally identified as osteoinductive components in
extracts derived from bone, are now known to play important roles in a wide array of …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare disease characterized by heterotopic
ossification (HO) in connective tissues and painful flare-ups. In the phase 2 LUMINA-1 trial …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily is encoded by 33 genes and includes
TGFβ, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and activins. Although TGFβ is well recognized …