Pain is an intrinsically unpleasant experience with features that protect an organism by
promoting motivation and learning. Pain relief, a negative reinforcement of pain, is …

Nerve damage leads to the development of disabling neuropathic pain in susceptible
individuals, where patients present with pain as well as co-morbid affective behavioural …

Background The volatile anesthetic isoflurane may exert a rapid and long-lasting
antidepressant effect in patients with medication-resistant depression. The mechanism …

Affective‐motivational disturbances are highly inconsistent in animal pain models. The
reproducibility of the open‐field test in assessing anxiety, malaise or disability remains …

The study of brain function in the presence of pain and injury is a rapidly expanding field of
experimental research. Clinically, the presence of pain and injury is often accompanied by …