Central nervous system (CNS) innate immunity plays essential roles in infections,
neurodegenerative diseases, and brain or spinal cord injuries. Astrocytes and microglia are …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are discovered as crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Later …

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a neuro-inflammatory response dominated by
tissue-resident microglia and monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). Since activated …

Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe motor and sensory dysfunction with
high disability and mortality. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-secreted nano …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are part of the innate immune response and were
originally discovered for their role in recognizing pathogens by ligating specific pathogen …

Macrophages dominate sites of CNS injury in which they promote both injury and repair.
These divergent effects may be caused by distinct macrophage subsets, ie,“classically …

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) act as potent inhibitors of axonal growth and
neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we reveal that CSPGs also play a critical …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system
may “sense” the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are best-known
for their role in host defence from infection. Emerging evidence also suggests that TLRs …

The discovery of mammalian TLRs (Toll-like receptors), first identified in 1997 based on their
homology with Drosophila Toll, greatly altered our understanding of how the innate immune …