Immune evasion contributes to cancer growth and progression. Cancer cells have the ability
to activate different immune checkpoint pathways that harbor immunosuppressive functions …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that fosters the correct folding
of linear polypeptides and proteins, a process tightly governed by the ER‐resident enzymes …

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)/B7 and programmed death 1
(PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are two most representative immune …

Protein handling, modification and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are tightly
regulated processes that determine cell function, fate and survival. In several tumour types …

Exosomes have a crucial role in intercellular communication and mediate interactions
between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Exosome-encapsulated …

Abstract Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on cancer cells engages with programmed
cell death-1 (PD-1) on immune cells, contributing to cancer immune escape. For multiple …

Extracellular communication, in other words, crosstalk between cells, has a pivotal role in
the survival of an organism. This communication occurs by different methods, one of which is …

The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has markedly enhanced the treatment
of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and HCC patients who respond to ICIs have shown …

Tumor immunotherapy has transformed neoplastic disease management, yet low response
rates and immune complications persist as major challenges. Extracellular vesicles …

A hostile microenvironment in tumor tissues disrupts endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis
and induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). A chronic UPR in both cancer cells and …