Abstract The Galileo mission to Jupiter revealed that Europa is an ocean world. The Galileo
magnetometer experiment in particular provided strong evidence for a salty subsurface …

Radar sounding is a powerful geophysical approach for characterizing the subsurface
conditions of terrestrial and planetary ice masses at local to global scales. As a result, a wide …

Abstract The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) of ESA was launched on 14 April 2023
and will arrive at Jupiter and its moons in July 2031. In this review article, we describe how …

Abstract The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface
(REASON) is a dual-frequency ice-penetrating radar (9 and 60 MHz) onboard the Europa …

Compositional heterogeneities within Europa's ice shell likely impact the dynamics and
habitability of the ice and subsurface ocean, but the total inventory and distribution of …

Abstract The Radio & Plasma Wave Investigation (RPWI) onboard the ESA JUpiter ICy
moons Explorer (JUICE) is described in detail. The RPWI provides an elaborate set of state …

Several icy moons and dwarf planets appear to have hosted subsurface liquid water. Liquid
water intruding upwards into the icy outer shells of these worlds freezes, forming ice and …

Geophysics-focused missions and improved geophysical data sets are critical for the future
exploration of icy ocean worlds. Of particular interest is the exploration of the Galilean moon …

Ocean worlds have been identified as high‐priority astrobiology targets due to the link
between life and liquid water. Young surface terrain on many icy bodies indicates that they …

Recent work has demonstrated a passive radio sounding approach that uses the Sun as a
source for echo detection and ranging. As the Sun is a moving source with a position that is …