Vertical farms (VFs) are innovative urban production facilities consisting of multi-level indoor
systems equipped with artificial lighting in which all the environmental conditions are …

Both the spectral quality of light, particularly the ratio of red (R; 600–700 nm) to far-red light
(FR; 700–800 nm), and temperature can regulate phytochrome activities, subsequently …

Plants use light as a resource and signal. Photons within the 400–700 nm waveband are
considered photosynthetically active. Far‐red photons (FR, 700–800 nm) are used by plants …

Light and its spectral characteristics are crucial for plant growth and development. The far-
red photon flux mediates many plant processes through the action of phytochrome and also …

The ratio of active phytochrome (Pfr) to total phytochrome (Pr+ Pfr), called phytochrome
photo-equilibrium (PPE; also called phytochrome photostationary state, PSS) has been used …

Recently, far-red wavelengths (FR, 700–750 nm) have been largely investigated in indoor
cultivation systems due to their morphological effects on plants (eg, leaf expansion and stem …

Fruit set is a crucial plant developmental process, determining yield in many crops. Pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.) is a crop with poor fruit set as typically about two-thirds of all flowers …

Beyond producing leafy greens, there is a growing interest in strawberry production on
indoor vertical farms. Considering that sole-source lighting is one of the most important …

Although green (G, 500 to 600 nm) and far-red (FR, 700 to 800 nm) light play important roles
in regulating plant growth and development, they are often considered less useful at …

The photon flux in the green wavelength region is relatively enriched in shade and the
photon flux in the blue region is selectively filtered. In sole source lighting environments …