Executive summary The health of the planet and its people are at risk. The deterioration of
the global commons—ie, the natural systems that support life on Earth—is exacerbating …

Abstract During 2021, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are expected
to meet in Kunming, China, to agree on a new global biodiversity framework aimed at halting …

The stability and resilience of the Earth system and human well-being are inseparably
linked,–, yet their interdependencies are generally under-recognized; consequently, they …

Highlights•Majority forecasts for feeding the future global population predict an increase in a
croplands at the expense of forests and pastures.•A third of the forecasts shows that it is …

Biodiversity loss is a social and ecological emergency, and calls have been made for the
global expansion of protected areas (PAs) to tackle this crisis. It is unclear, however, where …

Global warming, habitat loss and overexploitation of limited resources are leading to
alarming biodiversity declines. Ecosystems are complex adaptive systems that display …

Abstract The United Nations 2030 Agenda catalysed the development of global target-
seeking sustainability-oriented scenarios representing alternative pathways to reach the …

The unfolding crises of mass extinction and climate change call for urgent action in
response. To limit biodiversity losses and avert the worst effects of climate disruption, we …

A global goal of no net loss of natural ecosystems or better has recently been proposed, but
such a goal would require equitable translation to country-level contributions. Given the …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi predominate in grasslands, where they play a key role in
enhancing plant water uptake and plant tolerance to drought. However, how plant …