We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Water vapor is a greenhouse gas that dominates Earth's terrestrial radiation absorption. As
the planetary temperature warms, forced by increasing CO 2 and other greenhouse gases …

Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …

Heat stress harms human health, agriculture, the economy, and the environment more
broadly. Exposure to heat stress is increasing with rising global temperatures. While most …

An important metric for temperature projections is the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS),
which is defined as the global mean surface air temperature change caused by a doubling …

Abstract El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the primary mode of interannual climate
variability, and understanding its response to climate change is critical, but research remains …

Migrations of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) have significant impacts on tropical
climate and society. Here we examine the ITCZ migration caused by CO2 increase using …

The methods to quantify equilibrium climate sensitivity are still debated. We collect millennial‐
length simulations of coupled climate models and show that the global mean equilibrium …

Abstract The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in a warming climate has been studied
extensively, but the response beyond 2100 has received little attention. Here, using long …

Global warming may increase the frequency of climate extremes, but systematic
examinations at different temperature thresholds are unknown over the Tibetan Plateau …