Metastases, rather than primary tumours, are responsible for most cancer deaths. To prevent
these deaths, improved ways to treat metastatic disease are needed. Blood flow and other …

The RAS proteins control signalling pathways that are key regulators of several aspects of
normal cell growth and malignant transformation. They are aberrant in most human tumours …

Conserved signaling pathways that activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
are involved in relaying extracellular stimulations to intracellular responses. The MAPKs …

Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and
constitute a superfamily consisting of more than 100 members. This superfamily is …

Adenocarcinoma of the lung is the most common form of lung cancer, but the cell of origin
and the stages of progression of this tumor type are not well understood. We have …

The normal development and maintenance of the prostate is dependent on androgen acting
through the androgen receptor (AR). AR remains important in the development and …

Extensive research on the Ras proteins and their functions in cell physiology over the past
30 years has led to numerous insights that have revealed the involvement of Ras not only in …

The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules expressed in all
eukaryotic cells. A striking feature of the 14-3-3 proteins is their ability to bind a multitude of …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the
United States with a median survival of< 6 mo and a dismal 5-yr survival rate of 3%–5%. The …

Absolute binding free energy calculations and free energy decompositions are presented for
the protein–protein complexes H-Ras/C-Raf1 and H-Ras/RalGDS. Ras is a central switch in …