Dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit a specialized antigen-presenting function and play crucial roles
in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Due to their ability to cross-present tumor …

Metabolites of glycolytic metabolism have been identified as signaling molecules and
regulators of gene expression, in addition to their basic function as major energy and …

Immune evasion and metabolic reprogramming are two fundamental hallmarks of cancer.
Interestingly, lactate closely links them together. However, lactate has long been recognized …

Disordered metabolic states, which are characterised by hypoxia and elevated levels of
metabolites, particularly lactate, contribute to the immunosuppression in the tumour …

Lactate is a key metabolite produced from glycolytic metabolism of glucose molecules, yet it
also serves as a primary carbon fuel source for many cell types. In the tumor-immune …

The tumour microenvironment (TME) imposes a major obstacle to infiltrating T-lymphocytes
and suppresses their function. Several immune checkpoint proteins that interfere with …

Metabolites generated from cellular and tissue metabolism have been rediscovered in
recent years as signalling molecules. They may act as cofactor of enzymes or be linked to …

Paradoxically, tumor development and progression can be inhibited and promoted by the
immune system. After three stages of immune editing, namely, elimination, homeostasis and …

In recent years, the significant impact of lactate in the tumor microenvironment has been
greatly documented. Acting not only as an energy substance in tumor metabolism, lactate is …

GPR81 is a G-protein-coupled receptor for lactate, which is upregulated in breast cancer
and plays an autocrine role to promote tumor growth by tumor cell-derived lactate. Here we …