Climate change, as revealed by gradual changes in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric
moisture, and wind intensity, as well as sea level rise and changes in the occurrence of …

The ocean holds vast quantities of carbon that it continually exchanges with the atmosphere
through the air-sea interface. Because of its enormous size and relatively rapid exchange of …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key
ocean climate change indicators:(i) Sea Surface Temperature,(ii) Ocean Heat Content,(iii) …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and their
redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere–the “global carbon …

Atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is a critical variable in determining plant
photosynthesis. Synthesis of four global climate datasets reveals a sharp increase of VPD …

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and their
redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate …