Bone remodeling is a lifelong process that gives rise to a mature, dynamic bone structure via
a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. These …

Encoded in mammalian cells by 33 genes, the transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) family
of secreted, homodimeric and heterodimeric proteins controls the differentiation of most, if …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and structurally related factors use several intracellular
signaling pathways in addition to Smad signaling to regulate a wide array of cellular …

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to control a
diverse array of pathological and physiological conditions during normal development and …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) proteins regulate cell function, and have key roles in
development and carcinogenesis. The intracellular effectors of TGF-β signalling, the Smad …

Transforming growth factor-β utilizes a multitude of intracellular signaling pathways in
addition to Smads to regulate a wide array of cellular functions. These non-canonical, non …

The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) drives self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem
(ES) cells by activating the transcription factor STAT3. In serum-free cultures, however, LIF is …

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals coordinate developmental patterning and have
essential physiological roles in mature organisms. Here we describe the first known small …

Familial primary pulmonary hypertension is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that has
reduced penetrance and that has been mapped to a 3-cM region on chromosome 2q33 …

Using molecular, cellular, and genetic approaches, recent studies examining the role of the
bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of growth factors in the reproductive system have …