Light-induced difference Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a powerful,
sensitive and informative method for studying protein structural changes in photoreceptive …

The light-driven sodium-pum** rhodopsin KR2 from Krokinobacter eikastus is the only
non-proton cation active transporter with demonstrated potential for optogenetics. However …

Rhodopsins are the most universal biological light-energy transducers and abundant
phototrophic mechanisms that evolved on Earth and have a remarkable diversity and …

Heliorhodopsin (HeR) is a seven-helical transmembrane protein with a retinal chromophore
that corresponds to a new rhodopsin family. HeR from the archaebacterium …

Abstract Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is a pentameric, light-driven ion pump,
which selectively transports sodium or protons. The mechanism of ion selectivity and transfer …

Abstract Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is a light-driven pentameric sodium
pump. Its ability to translocate cations other than protons and to create an electrochemical …

Krokinobacter rhodopsin 2 (KR2) serves as a light-driven sodium ion pump in the presence
of sodium ion and works as a proton pump in the presence of larger monovalent cations …

The functional mechanism of the light-driven sodium pump Krokinobacter eikastus
rhodopsin 2 (KR2) raises fundamental questions since the transfer of cations must differ from …

Membrane transport proteins undergo critical conformational changes during substrate
uptake and release, as the substrate-binding site is believed to switch its accessibility from …

Rhodopsin is a seven-helical transmembrane protein with a retinal chromophore covalently
bound to a conserved lysine in helix G via a retinal protonated Schiff base (RPSB). Microbial …