The present meta-analysis aimed to quantify current evidence on sex differences in the
autonomic control of the heart, indexed by measures of heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy …

Although the gastrointestinal (GI) tract possesses intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a
significant degree of autonomy over GI functions, the central nervous system (CNS) provides …

Abstract Objective Although Glucagon-like peptide 1 is a key regulator of energy metabolism
and food intake, the precise location of GLP-1 receptors and the physiological relevance of …

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis represents a complex neuroendocrine
feedback loop controlling the secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Central to its …

The present edition of The Human Central Nervous System differs considerably from its
predecessors. In previous editions, the text was essentially confined to a section dealing …

Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO 2 remains stable. Under
normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO 2 stability by producing small …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to
fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in …

Despite the fact that many research articles have been written about stress and stress-
related diseases, no scientifically accepted definition of stress exists. Selye introduced and …

The central noradrenergic neurone, like the peripheral sympathetic neurone, is
characterized by a diffusely arborizing terminal axonal network. The central neurones …

The major functions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), including pain and
analgesia, fear and anxiety, vocalization, lordosis and cardiovascular control are considered …