After cell entry, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication involves reverse
transcription of the RNA genome, nuclear import of the subviral complex without nuclear …

Reverse transcription and integration are the defining features of the Retroviridae; the
common name “retrovirus” derives from the fact that these viruses use a virally encoded …

Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense
blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the …

Members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family are involved in various cellular
processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, development, oncogenesis and …

The host restriction factor TRIM5α mediates species-specific, early blocks to retrovirus
infection; susceptibility to these blocks is determined by viral capsid sequences. Here we …

Gene duplication is an important evolutionary mechanism allowing to provide new genetic
material and thus opportunities to acquire new gene functions for an organism, with major …

The capsid (CA) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an essential
structural component of a virion and facilitates many crucial life cycle steps through …

During the early stages of HIV-1 replication the conical capsid composed of p24CA protein
dissociates from the rest of the cytoplasmic viral complex by a process called uncoating …

Retroviral restriction factors are cellular proteins that interfere with retrovirus replication at a
postpenetration, preintegration stage in the viral life cycle [1–3]. The first restriction activity …

The tripartite motif containing (TRIM) proteins are a family of proteins that have been
implicated in many biological processes including cell differentiation, apoptosis …