A wealth of neuromodulatory transmitters regulate synaptic circuits in the brain. Their mode
of signaling, often called volume transmission, differs from classical synaptic transmission in …

In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only~ 10–15%
of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological …

Serotonin neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DR, MR) collectively innervate
the entire forebrain and midbrain, modulating diverse physiology and behavior. To gain a …

Neurons that synthesize and release 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) express a core
set of genes that establish and maintain this neurotransmitter phenotype and distinguish …

Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is a notable process due not only to its uniqueness
and potential impact on cognition but also to its localized vertical integration of different …

Traditionally, neuroscientists have defined the identity of neurons by the cells' location,
morphology, connectivity and excitability. However, the direct relationship between these …

Before the onset of locomotion, the hippocampus undergoes a transition into an activity-state
specialized for the processing of spatially related input. This brain-state transition is …

Serotonin's function in the brain is unclear. One challenge in testing the numerous
hypotheses about serotonin's function has been observing the activity of identified …

In the regulation of behavior, the role of GABA neurons has been extensively studied in the
circuit of fear, where GABA interneurons play key parts in the acquisition, storage and …

Decreased serotonergic activity has been implicated in anxiety and major depression, and
antidepressants directly or indirectly increase the long-term activity of the serotonin system …