Climatic and environmental conditions play a pivotal role in the evolution of the biosphere,
serving as the primary natural factors influencing biological evolution and the development …

Big Data-driven research is thriving in the geosciences, with initiatives such as The Deep-
Time Digital Earth (DDE) program (https://deep-time. org/), which is a “big science program” …

Earth has a prolonged history characterized by substantial cycling of matter and energy
between multiple spheres. The production of organic carbon can be traced back to as early …

Understanding causal relationships between evolution and ocean oxygenation hinges on
reliable reconstructions of marine oxygen levels, typically from redox-sensitive geochemical …

Oceanic anoxic events are geologically abrupt phases of extreme oxygen depletion in the
oceans that disrupted marine ecosystems and brought about evolutionary turnover. Typically …

Paleo-wildfires are of great significance in the study of paleomire ecosystems. The products
of such fires preserved in paleomires can provide detailed information for the reconstruction …

The high frequency of fires during the formation of some mire systems in the Jurassic is
thought to have influenced how terrestrial ecosystems evolved. Ancient mires, now present …

The ultimate driver of the end-Permian mass extinction is a topic of much debate. Here, we
used a multiproxy and paleoclimate modeling approach to establish a unifying theory …

The timescale of animal diversification has been a focus of debate over how evolutionary
history should be calibrated to geologic time. Molecular clock analyses have invariably …

Atmospheric oxygen (O 2) concentrations likely remained below modern levels until the
Silurian–Devonian, as indicated by several recent studies. Yet, the background redox state …