The capacity of protein aggregates to enhance immune responses to the monomeric form of
the protein has been known for over a half-century. Despite the clear connection between …

Hepatitis B remains one of the major global health problems more than 40 years after the
identification of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) as the causative agent. A critical turning point …

The endosomes and lysosomes of antigen-presenting cells host the processing and
assembly reactions that result in the display of peptides on major histocompatibility complex …

Reduced capacity to produce ROS increases the severity of T cell–dependent arthritis in
both mice and rats with polymorphisms in neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1)(p47phox) …

Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease associated with painful joints that affects approximately 1%
of the population worldwide, and for which no effective cure is available. It is characterized …

Recombinant HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins of ever-increasing sophistication have
been evaluated as vaccine candidates for over 30 years. Structurally defined mimics of …

The functionality of proteins is greatly extended by a diverse array of post-translational
modifications (PTMs), many of which are recognized by the immune system. Notably, a …

CD4+ T cells have a major role in regulating immune responses. They are activated by
recognition of peptides mostly generated from exogenous antigens through the major …

Alongside the success of protein-based bio-therapeutics over the last decades and
facilitated by advances both in protein engineering and manufacturing, new product formats …

Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is constitutively expressed in
most antigen presenting cells and is interferon γ inducible in other cell types via signal …