Background Coffee is widely consumed and contains many bioactive compounds, any of
which may impact pathways related to disease development. Objective To identify individual …

Coffee is widely consumed and contains many bioactive compounds, any of which may
impact pathways related to disease development. Our objective was to identify individual …

Contact sports participation has been shown to have both beneficial and detrimental effects
on health, however little is known about the metabolic sequelae of these effects. We aimed …

Background and objectives The study of age-related facial shape changes across different
populations and sexes requires new multivariate tools to disentangle different sources of …

Abstract Background and Objectives Multilevel statistical models represent the existence of
hierarchies or clustering within populations of subjects (or shapes in this work). This is a …

Traditionally, active shape models (ASMs) do not make a distinction between groups in the
subject population and they rely on methods such as (single-level) principal components …

In this article, multilevel principal components analysis (mPCA) is used to treat dynamical
changes in shape. Results of standard (single-level) PCA are also presented here as a …

This cross-sectional study aims to assess the influence of maternal smoking and alcohol
consumption during pregnancy on the facial shape of non-syndromic English adolescents …

Image processing has become a critical component in contemporary science and
technology. It is an interdisciplinary subject that draws from synergistic developments …

Here we study the effects of age on facial shape in adolescents by using a method called
multilevel principal components analysis (mPCA). An associated multilevel multivariate …