Vegetation indices (VIs), which describe remotely sensed vegetation properties such as
photosynthetic activity and canopy structure, are widely used to study vegetation dynamics …

Rapid Arctic environmental change affects the entire Earth system as thawing permafrost
ecosystems release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Understanding how much …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Climate change is expected to impact the functioning of the entire Earth system. However,
detecting changes in ecosystem dynamics and attributing such change to anthropogenic …

Tundra vegetation productivity and composition are responding rapidly to climatic changes
in the Arctic. These changes can, in turn, mitigate or amplify permafrost thaw. In this Review …

Mountains are hotspots of biodiversity and ecosystem services, but they are warming about
twice as fast as the global average. Climate change may reduce alpine snow cover and …

Salt marshes provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, coastal protection,
sea-level-rise (SLR) adaptation and recreation. SLR, storm events, drainage and mangrove …

Many feedback loops significantly increase warming due to greenhouse gas emissions.
However, not all of these feedbacks are fully accounted for in climate models. Thus …

Arctic warming can influence tundra ecosystem function with consequences for climate
feedbacks, wildlife and human communities. Yet ecological change across the Arctic tundra …

While climate change mitigation targets necessarily concern maximum mean state changes,
understanding impacts and develo** adaptation strategies will be largely contingent on …