During pregnancy, various immune effectors and molecules participating in the immune-
microenvironment establish specific maternal tolerance toward the semi-allogeneic fetus …

The immunology of pregnancy is complex and poorly defined. During the complex process
of pregnancy, macrophages secrete many cytokines/chemokines and play pivotal roles in …

A successful pregnancy requires a fine-tuned and highly regulated balance between
immune activation and embryonic antigen tolerance. Since the fetus is semi-allogeneic, the …

Rationale: Emerging evidence demonstrates that insufficient migration and invasion of
trophoblasts play critical roles in the pathogenesis of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) …

Preeclampsia, defined as new-onset hypertension accompanied by proteinuria occurring at
20 weeks of gestation or later, is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality …

Successful implantation is an absolute requirement for the reproduction of species, including
humans. The process by which a foreign blastocyst is accepted by the maternal …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preeclampsia (PE) are often associated with abnormal
maternal inflammation, deficient spiral artery (SA) remodeling, and altered uteroplacental …

Leukocytes are an important component of the human uterine decidua in normal pregnancy.
The focus of research has been on the more abundant populations such as the uterine …

Macrophages perform many specific functions including host defense, homeostasis,
angiogenesis, and tissue development. Macrophages are the second most abundant …

The cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF) is a well known member of the TNF superfamily
consisting of at least 18 ligands and 29 different receptors involved in numerous cellular …