Hibernators thrive under harsh environmental conditions instead of initiating canonical
behavioral and physiological responses to promote survival. Although the physiological …

In response to varying environmental and physiological challenges, vertebrates have
evolved complex and often overlap** systems. These systems detect changes in …

Many animal species do not breathe in a continuous, rhythmic fashion, but rather display a
variety of breathing patterns characterized by prolonged periods between breaths (inter …

Hibernation in endotherms and ectotherms is characterized by an energy-conserving
metabolic depression due to low body temperatures and poorly understood temperature …

While little is known of the origin of air-breathing in vertebrates, primitive air breathers can
be found among extant lobe-finned (Sarcopterygii) and ray-finned (Actinopterygii) fish. The …

This study characterizes various patterns of motor output obtained from cranial nerves V, VII,
X, and XII of in vitro, saline-perfused, brainstem-spinal cord preparations of the American …

Breathing is generated by a rhythmic neural circuit in the brainstem, which contains
conserved elements across vertebrate groups. In adult frogs, the 'lung area'located in the …

Despite being obligate air breathers, many species of marine mammal are capable of
spending most of their lives submerged in water. How they do this has been a subject of …

Intermittent lung ventilation is a respiratory pattern wherein breaths occur in clusters.
Intermittent lung ventilation is common in amphibians and can occur in mammals. Isolated …

Episodic breathing patterns have been observed in species of all vertebrate classes under
certain conditions and/or at certain times in development. This breathing pattern can be …