Worldwide nanotechnology development and application have fueled many scientific
advances, but technophilic expectations and technophobic demands must be …

The immune system has to cope with a wide range of irregularly shaped pathogens that can
actively move (eg, by flagella) and also dynamically remodel their shape (eg, transition from …

Recent advancements in biopharmaceutical industry have facilitated the development of
novel bioactive macromolecular therapeutics. One of the challenges towards the clinical use …

The respiratory mucosa is the primary portal of entry for numerous viruses such as the
respiratory syncytial virus, the influenza virus and the parainfluenza virus. These pathogens …

Transdermal vaccination route using biodegradable microneedles is a rapidly progressing
field of research and applications. The fear of painful needles is one of the primary reasons …

Modern drug discovery methods led to evolving new agents with significant therapeutic
potential. However, their properties, such as solubility and administration-related …

Introduction Vaccination is so far the most effective way of eradicating infections. Rapidly
emerging drug resistance against infectious diseases and chemotherapy-related toxicities in …

Vaccination is the best way to prevent and reduce the damage caused by infectious
diseases in animals and humans. So, several vaccines are used for prophylactic purposes …

Engineering vaccine-based therapeutics for infectious diseases is highly challenging, as
trial formulations are often found to be nonspecific, ineffective, thermally or hydrolytically …

There is an urgent and unmet need to develop effective vaccines to reduce the global
burden of infectious disease in both animals and humans, and in particular for the majority of …