Abstract Purpose of Review This paper reviews recent progress in understanding of the
North Pacific Meridional Mode (NPMM) and its influence on the timing, magnitude, flavor …

This study reveals that the impact of the spring North Pacific meridional mode (PMM) on the
following-winter El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) shows a continuing increase in the …

A majority of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are preceded by the North Pacific
Meridional Mode (NPMM), a dominant coupled ocean–atmospheric mode of variability. How …

Studies have indicated that North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability can
significantly modulate El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but there has been little effort to …

Variations of sea-surface temperature (SST) in the subtropical North Pacific have received
considerable attention due to their potential role as a precursor of El Niño-Southern …

This study investigates the mechanisms behind the Pacific meridional mode (PMM) in
influencing the development of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and their …

Previous studies have indicated that the extratropics can influence ENSO via specific
processes. However, it is still unclear to what extent ENSO is influenced by the extratropics …

Realistic simulation and accurate prediction of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is still a
challenge. One fundamental obstacle is the so-called spring predictability barrier (SPB) …

The Victoria mode (VM), similar to the Pacific meridional mode (PMM), is forced by North
Pacific Oscillation atmospheric variability. Both the boreal spring VM and PMM can trigger …

The double–intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) bias has been an outstanding problem
among climate models for two decades. However, it remains unclear how much of this …