In this paper, we consider a predator–prey model with fear response delay, gestation delay,
fear effect, prey refuge, harvesting and Crowley–Martin type functional response. First, we …

In most long‐distance migratory birds, juveniles migrate without their parents and so are
likely to lack detailed knowledge of where to go. This suggests the potential for stochasticity …

In this paper, we investigate the influence of anti-predator behaviour due to the fear of
predators with a Holling-type-II prey-predator model incorporating a prey refuge. We first …

A recent field manipulation on a terrestrial vertebrate showed that the fear of predators alone
altered anti-predator defences to such an extent that it greatly reduced the reproduction of …

Several field data and experiments on a terrestrial vertebrates exhibited that the fear of
predators would cause a substantial variability of prey demography. Fear for predator …

Dynamics of predator-prey systems under the influence of cooperative hunting among
predators and the fear thus imposed on the prey population is of great importance from …

Recent field experiments on vertebrates showed that the mere presence of a predator would
cause a dramatic change of prey demography. Fear of predators increases the survival …

In the present, ecologists generally consider the interactions, which are directly related to the
density effects, that species have on each other, like predation, mutualism, refuge, etc …

The shape of the interaction between three species: prey, predator, and super predator has
been considered in this work as a new predator-prey model. In this article, the fear of …

We study the dynamics of a prey-predator interaction model that incorporates:(1) reduction
of prey growth rate, in the form of fear effect, in presence of predator; and (2) group defense …