Vasodilation and increased blood flow are characteristic early vascular responses to acute
hyperglycemia and tissue hypoxia. In hypoxic tissues these vascular changes are linked to …

Abstract Between 20% and 40% of patients with diabetes ultimately develop diabetic
nephropathy, which in the US is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease …

Diabetes causes metabolic and physiologic abnormalities in the retina, and these changes
suggest a role for inflammation in the development of diabetic retinopathy. These changes …

The polyol pathway is a two-step metabolic pathway in which glucose is reduced to sorbitol,
which is then converted to fructose. It is one of the most attractive candidate mechanisms to …

Aldose reductase (AR) is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the first step in the polyol
pathway which converts glucose to sorbitol. Under normal glucose homeostasis the pathway …

Diabetic maculopathy is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular fluid in Henle's
layer and the inner nuclear layer of the retina. The localization of the edema is likely to be …

Intracellular sugars are more reactive glycosylating agents than glucose. In vitro
nonezymatic glycosylation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by fructose, glucose-6 …

This chapter critically examines the concept of the polyol pathway and how it relates to the
pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The two enzymes of the polyol pathway …

Albumin is filtered through the glomerulus with a sieving coefficient of 0.00062, which results
in approximately 3.3 g of albumin filtered daily in human kidneys. The proximal convoluted …

Retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and this condition remains a
leading cause of blindness in the working population of developed countries. As diabetic …