Abiotic stresses (such as metals/metalloids, salinity, ozone, UV-B radiation, extreme
temperatures, and drought) are among the most challenging threats to agricultural system …

Adaptation to environmental changes is crucial for plant growth and survival. However, the
molecular and biochemical mechanisms of adaptation are still poorly understood and the …

Salicylic acid (SA), an endogenous plant growth regulator has been found to generate a
wide range of metabolic and physiological responses in plants thereby affecting their growth …

Plants are constantly challenged by various abiotic stresses that negatively affect growth
and productivity worldwide. During the course of their evolution, plants have developed …

Despite its simple two-carbon structure, the olefin ethylene is a potent modulator of plant
growth and development (Ecker, 1995). The plant hormone ethylene is involved in many …

NPR1 is an essential regulator of plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which confers
immunity to a broad-spectrum of pathogens. SAR induction results in accumulation of the …

Cross-talk between ethylene and jasmonate signaling pathways determines the activation of
a set of defense responses against pathogens and herbivores. However, the molecular …

In plants, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during normal conditions are essential
in regulating several processes, like stomatal physiology, pathogen immunity and …

In recent decades, many new and exciting findings have paved the way to the better
understanding of plant responses in various environmental changes. Some major areas are …

As an unfortunate consequence of aerobic life, active oxygen species (AOS) are formed by
partial reduction of molecular oxygen. Plants possess a complex battery of enzymatic and …