Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that is involved in the activation of
disparate client proteins. This implicates Hsp90 in diverse biological processes that require …

We discuss protein post‐translational modification (PTM) from an information processing
perspective. PTM at multiple sites on a protein creates a combinatorial explosion in the …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes that
establish signaling modules where MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) activate MAPK …

bZIP-type transcription factors AREBs/ABFs bind an abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive cis-
acting element named ABRE and transactivate downstream gene expression in …

The inflammatory response is a highly regulated physiological process that is critically
important for homeostasis. A precise physiological control of inflammation allows a timely …

Metabolic adjustment to changing environmental conditions, particularly balancing of growth
and defense responses, is crucial for all organisms to survive. The evolutionary conserved …

Intracellular G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be activated by permeant ligands,
which contributes to agonist selectivity. Opioid receptors (ORs) provide a notable example …

SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) modification regulates many cellular processes,
including transcription. Although sumoylation often occurs on specific lysines within the …

The disruption of protein folding quality control results in the accumulation of a non-native
protein species that can form oligomers, aggregates, and inclusions indicative of …

Transcription factors comprise just over 7% of the human proteome and serve as
gatekeepers of cellular function, integrating external signal information into gene expression …