Nectar, the main floral reward for pollinators, varies greatly in composition and
concentration. The assumption that nectar quality is equivalent to its sugar (energy) …

Background Floral nectar is an important determinant of plant–pollinator interactions and an
integral component of pollination syndromes, suggesting it is under pollinator-mediated …

Pollinator nutritional ecology provides insights into plant–pollinator interactions, coevolution,
and the restoration of declining pollinator populations. Bees obtain their protein and lipid …

Angiosperms developed floral nectaries that reward pollinating insects. Although nectar
function and composition have been characterized, the mechanism of nectar secretion has …

As bees' main source of protein and lipids, pollen is critical for their development,
reproduction, and health. Plant species vary considerably in the macronutrient content of …

Nectar contains water, sugars and amino acids to attract pollinators and defenders and is
protected from nectar robbers and microorganisms by secondary compounds and …

Edible flowers contribute to the increase of aesthetic appearance of food, they are used
during the cooking preparation, but more often they are mentioned in connection with …

The honey bee, the world's most important agricultural pollinator, relies exclusively on plant‐
derived foods for nutrition. Nectar and pollen collected by honey bees are processed and …

Pollinating insects are globally declining, with one of the main causes being the loss of
flowers. With the value of countryside reducing, urban areas, particularly gardens, are …

A variety of methods are used in honey bee research and differ depending on the level at
which the research is conducted. On an individual level, the handling of individual honey …