Collective behaviours, such as flocking in birds or decision making by bee colonies, are
some of the most intriguing behavioural phenomena in the animal kingdom. The study of …

Reduction or complete loss of traits is a common occurrence throughout evolutionary history.
In spite of this, numerous questions remain about why and how trait loss has occurred. Cave …

To account for global contamination events, we must identify direct and indirect pollutant
effects. Although pollutants can have direct effects on individuals, it is unknown how a few …

Background Several studies suggested that cavefish populations of Astyanax mexicanus
settled during the Late Pleistocene. This implies that the cavefish's most conspicuous …

Schooling is a collective behavior that relies on a fish's ability to sense and respond to the
other fish around it. Previous work has identified 'rules' of schooling–attraction to neighbors …

Cave‐adapted animals evolve a suite of regressive and constructive traits that allow survival
in the dark. Most studies aiming at understanding cave animal evolution have focused on …

Collective motion emerges from individual interactions which produce group-wide patterns
in behavior. While adaptive changes to collective motion are observed across animal …

Activity patterns tend to be highly stereotyped and critical for executing many different
behaviors including foraging, social interactions, and predator avoidance. Differences in the …

Social behavior is a hallmark of complex animal systems; however, some species appear to
have secondarily lost this social ability. In these non-social species, whether social abilities …

Background Aggression is observed across the animal kingdom, and benefits animals in a
number of ways to increase fitness and promote survival. While aggressive behaviors vary …