The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are considered to be distinct subcortical systems that
perform unique functional operations. The outputs of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum …

Abstract Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a persistent, and impairing
pediatric-onset neurodevelopmental condition. Its high prevalence, and recurrent …

Scientists in many different fields have been attracted to the study of habits because of the
power habits have over behavior and because they invoke a dichotomy between the …

Optogenetic stimulation of Adora2a receptor-expressing spiny projection neurons (A2A-
SPNs) in the striatum drives locomotor suppression and transient punishment, results …

Our capacity to store information in working memory might be determined by the degree to
which only relevant information is remembered. The question remains as to how this …

The roles of the basal ganglia (BG) in motor control are much debated. Many influential
hypotheses have grown from studies in which output signals of the BG were not blocked, but …

Mental and physical efforts, such as paying attention and lifting weights, have been shown to
involve different brain systems. These cognitive and motor systems, respectively, include …

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and
vocal tics. Imaging studies found alterations in caudate (Cd) and putamen volumes. To …

The cerebellum and the basal ganglia are major subcortical nuclei that control multiple
aspects of behavior largely through their interactions with the cerebral cortex. Discrete …

This authoritative work, now thoroughly revised, has given thousands of clinicians, students,
and researchers a state-of-the-art understanding of the human frontal lobes--the large brain …