Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a fatal complication of influenza infection. In
this Review we provide an integrated model for its pathogenesis. ARDS involves damage to …

The avian influenza A virus (AIV) is naturally prevalent in aquatic birds, infecting different
avian species and transmitting from birds to humans. Both AIVs, the H5N1 and H7N9 …

A major cause of respiratory failure during influenza A virus (IAV) infection is damage to the
epithelial–endothelial barrier of the pulmonary alveolus. Damage to this barrier results in …

Influenza is a leading cause of respiratory mortality and morbidity. While inflammation is
essential for fighting infection, a balance of anti-viral defense and host tolerance is …

There are several reasons to consider the role of endothelial cells in COVID-19 and other
emerging viral infections. First, severe cases of COVID-19 show a common breakdown of …

Respiratory viruses that emerge in the human population may cause high morbidity and
mortality, as well as concern about pandemic spread. Examples are severe acute respiratory …

The clinical outcome of different influenza virus infections ranges from subclinical upper
respiratory tract disease to fatal lower respiratory tract disease. An important determinant in …

Influenza A viruses are important veterinary and human health pathogens that all share
many genetic characteristics. Wild birds are thought to be the primordial reservoirs of …

The route by which highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus spreads
systemically, including the central nervous system (CNS), is largely unknown in mammals …

Influenza epidemics and pandemics cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide
associated with severe immunopathology in the lung, and the mechanisms of such …