Cognitive abilities are important predictors of educational and occupational performance,
socioeconomic attainment, health, and longevity. Declines in cognitive abilities are linked to …

This systematic review aims to summarize cognitive reserve (CR) evaluation approaches
and to examine the role of seven selected modifiable lifestyle factors (diet, smoking, alcohol …

According to some estimates, more than half of the world's population is multilingual to some
extent. Because of the centrality of language use to human experience and the deep …

The concept of cognitive reserve provides an explanation for differences between
individuals in susceptibility to age-related brain changes or pathology related to Alzheimer's …

Background Studies reported the relationship between behavioural and psychological
symptoms of dementia (BPSD), cognitive function, caregiver burden, and therapeutic effects …

Women represent ⅔ of the cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current research has focused
on differential risks to explain higher rates of AD in women. However, factors that reduce risk …

The global prevalence of dementia has been estimated to be as high as 24 million, and is
predicted to double every 20 years until at least 2040. As the population worldwide …

The concept of reserve has been proposed to account for the disjunction between the
degree of brain damage and its clinical outcome. This paper attempts to produce a coherent …

Cognitive reserve explains why those with higher IQ, education, occupational attainment, or
participation in leisure activities evidence less severe clinical or cognitive changes in the …

In this monograph, we ask whether various kinds of intellectual, physical, and social
activities produce cognitive enrichment effects—that is, whether they improve cognitive …