How much to invest in parental care and by who remain puzzling questions fomented by a
sexual conflict between parents. Negotiation that facilitates coordinated parental behaviour …

Sexual conflict over parental investment can result in suboptimal reproductive output. A
recent hypothesis suggests that equality in investment, and hence conflict resolution, may be …

Incubating birds must trade-off leaving the nest to forage with staying on the nest to maintain
optimal temperatures for develo** embryos. This trade-off is expressed through incubation …

Organisms living at high elevations generally grow and develop more slowly than those at
lower elevations. Slow montane ontogeny is thought to be an evolved adaptation to harsh …

Life history theory emphasizes the importance of trade‐offs in how time and energy are
allocated to the competing demands of growth, fecundity, and survival. However, avian …

The keystone of life‐history evolution theory proposes a trade‐off between current
reproductive effort and future survival. Brooding is an essential and often overlooked …

Parental care is defined as any behavioral trait of the parents that improves the fitness of the
offspring, and that probably evolved or is currently maintained by this function. There is …

Some nest predators visually assess parental activities to locate a prey nest, whereas
parents modify fitness-related traits to reduce the probability of nest predation, and/or …

In addition to food and protection, altricial young in many species are ectothermic and
require that endothermic parents provide warmth to foster growth, yet only one parent …

Avian incubation provides an opportunity to test how parental behavior and ecological
conditions interact to shape variation in offspring traits along geographic gradients. In …