For decades after the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Turkish state
promoted the idea of a desired citizen. The Kemalist state treated these citizens as superior …

We contribute to research on the democratic role of middle classes. Our paper distinguishes
between middle classes emerging autonomously during gradual capitalist development and …

Can leaders shape identity and legitimize new political orders? I address this question by
studying the role of Mustafa Kemal, the founder of modern Turkey, in spreading a new …

Blame avoidance has been one of the most applied strategies by policy makers in both
democratic and non-democratic regimes to avoid responsibility and accountability in cases …

The secularization literature increasingly recognizes the role of historical state‐building
processes and the manifest agency of sociopolitical actors in sha** public secularity …

" State-Building as Lawfare offers a unique study on how the state and other social forces
regulate everyday life. Focusing on the case of Russian state presence in postwar …

Despite calls for examining how authoritarian regimes employ state structures to prolong
their rule and evidence that they regulate religion to shape the behaviour of religious elites …

Acts of political violence carried out by Muslim individuals have generated international
support for governments that espouse so-called “moderate Islam” as a means of preventing …

Abstract This article describes Muhammad Ali's educational endeavors since he came to
power in 1805. Muhammad Ali built schools and brought in European teachers to teach, and …

Abstract Scholars of Middle East politics have been reluctant to explore how the long
nineteenth century has shaped the region's political development. The reason for this …