The use of spatially explicit models (SEMs) in ecology has grown enormously in the past two
decades. One major advancement has been that fine-scale details of landscapes, and of …

Forest management in Mexico is immersed in diverse and complex ecological, socio-
cultural, political, economic, and technological contexts. These contexts have led to the use …

Agent-based modelling (ABM) has become an established methodology in many areas of
biology, ranging from the cellular to the ecological population and community levels. In plant …

Individual-based models (IBMs) of complex systems emerged in the 1960s and early 1970s,
across diverse disciplines from astronomy to zoology. Ecological IBMs arose with seemingly …

Considerable uncertainties remain about magnitude and character, if not general direction
of anthropogenic climate change. Global mean temperature could increase by 1.5–4.5° C or …

Context Converting monocultures to mixed-species stands is thought to be a promising
approach to increase forest productivity and resilience, while additionally providing other …

In the past three decades, our global climate has been experiencing unprecedented
warming. This warming has and will continue to significantly influence the structure and …

Modelling is an important tool for understanding the complexity of forest ecosystems and the
variety of interactions of ecosystem components, processes and values. This book describes …

Alpine forests in the eastern Tibetan Plateau are important ecological barriers in the upper
reaches of the Yangtze River. However, due to continuous high-intensity harvesting, a large …

Forest ecosystems have long been affected by forestry practices and climate change will
have additional affects (Soja et al. 2007; Boulanger et al. 2016; Montoro Girona et al., 2018) …