Intraspecific variation plays a critical role in extant and future forest responses to climate
change. Forest tree species with wide climatic niches rely on the intraspecific variation …

Plant resource allocation patterns often reveal tradeoffs that favor growth (G) over defense
(D), or vice versa. Ecologists most often explain G–D tradeoffs through principles of …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

Biodiversity is defined by trait differences between organisms, and biologists have long
sought to predict associations among ecologically important traits. Why do some traits trade …

Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth
patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history …

Trade-offs represent the costs paid in the currency of fitness when a beneficial change in
one trait is linked to a detrimental change in another. If there were no trade-offs, then …

There are many different types of organisms in the world: they differ in size, physiology,
appearance, and life history. The challenge for evolutionary biology is to explain how such …

A definitive guide to the depth and breadth of the ecological sciences, revised and updated
The revised and updated fifth edition of Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems–now in full …

Among the fishes, a remarkably wide range of biological adaptations to diverse habitats has
evolved. As well as living in the conventional habitats of lakes, ponds, rivers, rock pools and …

Food limitation is generally thought to underlie much of the variation in life history traits of
birds. I examined variation and covariation of life history traits of 123 North American …