Climatic extremes are becoming increasingly common against a background trend of global
warming. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs)—discrete periods of anomalously warm …

BACKGROUND Anthropogenic climate change is altering the structure and functioning of
ecosystems globally. The upper layers of the oceans have absorbed> 90% of the excess …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged extreme oceanic warm water events. They can
have devastating impacts on marine ecosystems—for example, causing mass coral …

Some of the longest and most comprehensive marine ecosystem monitoring programs were
established in the Gulf of Alaska following the environmental disaster of the Exxon Valdez oil …

The two most urgent and interlinked environmental challenges humanity faces are climate
change and biodiversity loss. We are entering a pivotal decade for both the international …

Seagrasses are important marine ecosystems situated throughout the world's coastlines.
They are facing declines around the world due to global and local threats such as rising …

Observed changes and impacts Ongoing climate trends have exacerbated many extreme
events (very high confidence). The Australian trends include further warming and sea level …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs)—discrete but prolonged periods of anomalously warm ocean
temperatures—can drastically alter ocean ecosystems, with profound ecological and …

Climate‐driven changes in the distribution of species are a pervasive and accelerating
impact of climate change, and despite increasing research effort in this rapidly emerging …