Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) four-dimensional (4D) flow is a type of phase-contrast
(PC) MRI that uses blood flow encoded in 3 directions, which is resolved relative to 3 spatial …

Background The interest in intra‐cardiac blood flow analysis is rapidly growing, and it has
encouraged the development of different non‐invasive imaging techniques. Among these …

This paper gives a review of the most important methods for blood velocity vector flow
imaging (VFI) for conventional sequential data acquisition. This includes multibeam …

Purpose To evaluate viscous energy loss and the association with three‐dimensional (3D)
vortex ring formation in left ventricular (LV) blood flow during diastolic filling. Theory and …

Abstract Background: The National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) launched the
IMPACT (Improving Pediatric and Adult Congenital Treatment) Registry in 2010. By 2013, its …

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) methods of assessing mitral inflow velocities are pre-load
dependent, limiting their reliability for evaluating diastolic function. Left ventricular (LV) blood …

Recent advances in imaging techniques have allowed physicians to obtain robust
measurements of intracardiac flows in the clinical setting. Consequently, the physiological …

Background Vector flow map**, a novel flow visualization echocardiographic technology,
is increasing in popularity. Energy loss reference values for children have been established …

Aims To investigate the possibility that vorticity assessed by four-dimensional flow cardiac
magnetic resonance (4D-Flow CMR) in the left ventricle of patients with mild-to-moderate …

Left ventricular (LV) blood flow is an inherently complex time-varying 3-D phenomenon,
where 2-D quantification often ignores the effect of out-of-plane motion. In this study, we …