Although classically known as an endocrine signal produced by the ovary, 17β-estradiol (E
2) is also a neurosteroid produced in neurons and astrocytes in the brain of many different …

Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions,
including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be …

There is robust evidence that sex (biological) and gender (behavioral/social) differences
influence hearing loss risk and outcomes. These differences are noted for animals and …

Higher cognitive function depends on accurate detection and processing of subtle features
of sensory stimuli. Such precise computations require neural circuits to be modulated over …

Sex steroids have long been recognized for their dramatic impact on brain and behavior,
including rapid modulation of membrane excitability. It is a widely held perception that these …

Converging evidence from cellular, electrophysiological, anatomic, and behavioral studies
suggests that the remodeling of synapse structure and function is a critical component of …

Over the past two decades, the classical understanding of steroid action has been updated
to include rapid, membrane-initiated, neurotransmitter-like functions. While steroids were …

OBJECTIVE: Sex differences have been demonstrated in the peripheral auditory system as
well as in higher-level cognitive processing. Here, we aimed to determine if the subcortical …

Male-female interaction is important for finding a suitable mating partner and for ensuring
reproductive success. Male sexual signals such as pheromones transmit information and …

Beside their genomic mode of action, estrogens also activate a variety of cellular signaling
pathways through non-genomic mechanisms. Until recently, little was known regarding the …