The publication of the psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction in 1987 and the finding that
addictive drugs increase dopamine concentrations in the rat mesolimbic system in 1988 …

Heroin is an opioid agonist commonly abused for its rewarding effects. Since its synthesis at
the end of the nineteenth century, its popularity as a recreational drug has ebbed and …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Substance dependent individuals (SDI) often exhibit decision-making deficits; however, it
remains unclear whether the nature of the underlying decision-making processes is the …

It was suggested in 1986 that cue-induced cocaine craving increases progressively during
early abstinence and remains high during extended periods of time. Clinical evidence now …

Background Recent animal and human studies reveal distinct cognitive and neurobiological
differences between opiate and stimulant addictions; however, our understanding of the …

While social context has long been considered central to substance use disorder prevention
and treatment and many drug-taking events occur in social settings, experimental research …

Based on their pharmacological properties, psychoactive drugs are supposed to take control
of the natural reward system to finally drive compulsory drug seeking and consumption …

Increasing evidence suggests that females are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of
drugs of abuse, including opioids. Additionally, rates of heroin-related deaths substantially …

Since the first experimental hint for the existence of “an actual desire or striving for the drug”
in nonhuman animals by Sidney Spragg in the late 1930s, much effort has been expended …